| 1.0 Overview | | | | deepwater, includes a turning circle diagram as well |
| In human civilization to industrial from Stone Age, | | | | as tables showing time and distance to stop the |
| then computer to information and multimedia | | | | vessel from full and half-speed. |
| innovative technological age, it has just been | | | | · IMO Resolution A601 (15), which |
| about building and forgetting things around us | | | | was adopted in 1987, contains recommendations |
| including environment. Today human sensitivity is | | | | for ensuring maneuvering information is available |
| aggressively defining age as an age of sensitivity | | | | on board ship. |
| and for safety and environment. Every thing we | | | | · The 1995 Seafarers’ Training, |
| have been building for years during transition in | | | | Certification and Watch keeping Code, Section |
| those ages have been built with ignorance, oblivion | | | | A-VIII/2 part 3-1, and article 49 require the |
| or lack of consciousness to the environment or | | | | master and pilot to “exchange information |
| simply as a result of oblivion that they are part of | | | | regarding navigation procedures, local conditions |
| us. The term “environmental issues” | | | | and the ship’s characteristics.” |
| usually implies one of two interpretations: 1) Wind, | | | | · A Marine Board study assessed |
| waves, tides, sediment characteristics and/or | | | | the use of numerical simulation technology to train |
| other environmental factors involved in Channel | | | | mariners and concluded that while modeling |
| design and usage, 2) Environmental protection in | | | | accuracy is sufficient for deep-water operations; |
| the sense of reducing the negative impact on | | | | modeling requires refinement to provide the |
| water quality or aquatic and coastal habitat quality. | | | | accuracy needed for shallow and restricted water |
| In the first sense of the term, all concern need to | | | | operations. |
| agree that methods for predicting and reporting | | | | 6.3 Ship design policy build-up -In 1971, IMO |
| environmental conditions have greatly improved | | | | adopted Resolution A.209 (VII) establishing |
| and this should be able to give us direction as long | | | | recommendations regarding posting maneuvering |
| as we are ready to connect the dots. This paper | | | | 9 Regulation II-1/29.3.2 of SOLAS requires rudder |
| will address and give insight into the following | | | | movement from 35 degree on either side to 30o |
| questions in regard to burning flame of | | | | on the other to occur in 28 seconds or less. |
| environment and impact to ship design: What is | | | | IMO approved circular MSC/Circ.389 in 1985 |
| the current situation? ?What is the desired | | | | establish interim guidelines for estimating the |
| situation? Why is there a difference between the | | | | maneuverability -Rudder size and effectiveness, |
| current and the desired situation? What are the | | | | Ability to transit at slow forward speed, Propulsion |
| impediments to change? How can these | | | | and propeller characteristics, Number of available |
| impediments be most effectively addressed? | | | | engine reversals, Adequate horsepower for |
| 2.0 Introduction | | | | control, Extra reserve rudder angle needed to |
| | | | | allow for ship crabbing from wind forces or |
| In shipping and associated industries, ship | | | | moored ship suction, Visibility from bridge and |
| protection and marine pollution are respectively | | | | bridge arrangement, Hull form squat (trim and sink |
| interlink in term of safety and environment, | | | | age) characteristics and effect of bank forces on |
| conventionally ship safety is being deal with as its | | | | moorings and passing ships, Air draft, Emergency |
| occurrence result to environmental | | | | anchoring ability, Amount of tow line leads and line |
| | | | | access. |
| Ship | | | | 7.0 Current Ship design practice |
| Pollution seem to be very small, especially | | | | Existing design tools cannot, at least with any |
| considering emission, but today culmination of | | | | degree of reliability, be used to design a vessel |
| oversight regarding emission seem to be back | | | | and ensure it will ensure environmental reliability |
| - firing against us from ozone layer depletion to | | | | and adequate maneuverability in shallow or |
| the incessant flooding and more seem to be on | | | | restricted waters neither can it be use to satisfy |
| the way if we don’t question or caution | | | | demand need by clean ships . In part this is |
| ourselves, again, shipping is not left behind in this, | | | | because of the extreme on-linearity of hull and |
| in fact, it seem to be the most to get hit by next | | | | propulsion characteristics under these conditions. In |
| big environmental revolt. Pollutions is about | | | | general, naval architects and marine engineers are |
| accident and accident it, about because, the later | | | | educated and equipped with knowledge, skills, and |
| is the cause of the former. Sequel with this, this | | | | design processes that permit continuous checking |
| paper will address environmental impacts to ship | | | | and balancing of constraints and design tradeoffs |
| design with respect to human, safety, ship | | | | of vessel capabilities as the design progresses. |
| reliability, channel, and maneuverability factors and | | | | The intended result of the process is the best |
| everything that surround us and ship. And of | | | | design given the basic requirements of speed, |
| course ship design consideration that needs to be | | | | payload, and endurance nor where the waste is |
| incorporated in the ship design and the design | | | | going. Focus is not placed on how the channels |
| process regarding these enumerated factors. | | | | and waterways are designed. Perhaps even more |
| | | | | importantly, there is a general lack of |
| In respect to the above, current situation, will be | | | | understanding of the operational scenario |
| examined, policy, demand, mitigation and way to | | | | regarding piloting of vessels in constrained |
| move forward will be addressed. Emphasize on | | | | waterways. Only recently has there been a real |
| importance of simulation, risk assessment of | | | | attempt to fully integrate human operational |
| restricted channel and new generation or class of | | | | practices with vessel design. The involvement of |
| larger ships that coming to market including the | | | | human beings onboard vessels both extends and |
| need to introduce maritime environment | | | | restricts the inherent vessel maneuvering |
| awareness in maritime curriculum by laying | | | | capabilities vastly complicating the necessary |
| emphasize to simulation of real and fictitious ships. | | | | methodology for assuring safe and efficient |
| Need to incorporate as much of cybernetic | | | | operations. Taking waste issue and restricted |
| technology in navigational and maritime operations | | | | waterway maneuverability as an important part |
| and finally actionable navigation, marine | | | | of ship design spiral would seem a necessary step |
| environment mitigation measure, recommendation | | | | to enabling proper tradeoffs in vessel design. The |
| for improving the safety of navigation and | | | | reality is that maneuverability and pollution |
| protection of the marine environment by | | | | protection is still not an important consideration in |
| enhancing cost effective state of art sustainable | | | | ship design of many merchant ships. The result is |
| of ship that has great controllability in extreme | | | | that design decisions that can compromise |
| whether and restricted water areas. | | | | environment and collision are decided in favor of |
| | | | | other factors. Only with consideration of the full |
| Likewise, for many years, less attention has been | | | | range of ship and channel design and human |
| given to ship life cycle, material properties, and | | | | factors relationships affecting maneuverability will |
| frequency matching with the environment has | | | | we be able to produce an efficient and safe |
| resulted to corrosion. Also ship scraping, and what | | | | environmental friendly marine transportation |
| happen to the environment after ship scraping, | | | | system. Now that the new issue of environment |
| yes a lot of recycling, but little or no attention is | | | | is around, then we have to squeeze in more stuff |
| given to the residual material that find their ways | | | | in the spiral. |
| to pollute the clean beautiful sea. Other areas of | | | | |
| concern are channel design criteria ships, | | | | Table 1 – parameters s demand and impact |
| controllability in dredged channels, and ?ship | | | | Environmental parameters |
| maneuverability as a consideration in the Design | | | | Environmental Demand |
| Process. All in all, preventive and control | | | | Impact areas |
| incorporating sensible measures in ship design can | | | | Ship design, |
| only optimize method and give us confidence on | | | | Need for longer safe life cycle |
| our environment. Focal areas that are will need | | | | New limit definition, Correct material selection, |
| revolutionary changes in ship design that will be | | | | Material technology, Quality control of safety and |
| identified in this paper are: | | | | environment |
| | | | | Construction |
| 1. Material selection to withstand structural, weight, | | | | High worker safety standards, Low energy input |
| economical lifecycle anticorrosion and fouling | | | | Improved hull hydrodynamic, |
| 2. Incorporating ship simulation at early stage of | | | | Emission |
| ship design | | | | Minimum pollution and emission, Minimum Sox, Nox |
| 3. Structural scantly to withstand structural | | | | and green house gas-Zero discharge |
| function, reliability, integrity, weight, economical | | | | Advance Close loop process on board,Waste |
| lifecycle | | | | recycling equipment, Improve training |
| 4. Incorporation maneuvering ship simulation at | | | | Scrapping |
| early stage of design iteration | | | | Zero harmful emission |
| 5. Incorporate new close loop environmental | | | | Beneficial disposal |
| disposal technology system to make new ships | | | | Operations waste, |
| environmental safe. | | | | Efficient maneuverability |
| | | | | Improve maneuverability |
| | | | | Energy |
| 3.0 Environmental issue – a blessing in disguise | | | | Maximum fuel efficiency |
| | | | | Engine design, use of alternative energy |
| The million dollar answer is that whether we start | | | | Antifouling |
| in order to make clean ships, the optimal choice | | | | Harmless |
| we have is to design shipboard pollution control | | | | Biocide free technology |
| system that will allow us to treat or process all | | | | Ballast water |
| ship waste on board or allow us to incorporate or | | | | Zero biological invasion or transfer of alien species |
| integrating such system in existing ship. Most | | | | Segregated ballast tanks, Improved ballast water |
| especially, incorporating such system in earlier ship | | | | tank design, Ballast water treatment, Ballast |
| design process through forming basic concept to | | | | water data base |
| set aside enough space on board and make the | | | | Sea mammal |
| most of the overall design of scalable and efficient | | | | Interaction |
| .Yes, we need to design system that will allow us | | | | Maneuverability capability |
| to destroyed waste on board the ship and those | | | | Safer ship structure design, Improve maneuvering |
| that not be destroyed will be treated so that | | | | capability, Navigation AID, misinformation, |
| discharge. Due to advert environmental causality | | | | Exchange, Reeducation |
| and impact of recent days, sensitivity has caused | | | | Accident |
| serious policy and more will follow, already we | | | | Able officer, Ship structure, Integrity |
| have deadline for some. If we don't do this now, | | | | New monitoring through port sate control |
| what we will see are similitude of : Inconvenience | | | | Fire |
| of discharge regulation;More MARPOL special | | | | Harmless |
| discharge areas ;Augmentation of Confusion | | | | Halon phase out |
| caused by waste signature – advert of | | | | Wave wash of High speed |
| floating of debris | | | | Marine craft |
| | | | | |
| Now, considering the beneficent part of this | | | | Zero inundation and spray ashore |
| contemporary issue, environmentally sound ship- | | | | Moderation of hydrodynamic force |
| self-contained and independent of shore facilities | | | | 8.0 Mitigation |
| for shipboard waste management will end up | | | | 8.1 Shipboard and waste emission outline |
| reducing logistic requirement and costs.Time has | | | | –treatment and elimination - Pollution |
| already seen how ineconomy and inconvenience it | | | | Prevention (P2) or Pollution Control-this is |
| is for ships pumping liquid waste to pier side | | | | backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship. |
| reception facilities, offload solid waste and excess | | | | Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally |
| hazardous material for disposal – vessel are | | | | harmful substances and generate less waste on |
| astronomically being charge substantial costs by | | | | board. Pollution Control: Increase treatment, |
| private contractors to disposed these generated | | | | processing, or destruction of wastes on board. |
| wastes, beside this, who don’t like good | | | | The basic P2 principles follow: |
| names, good names is attached to being | | | | Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful |
| responsible, and be among the clean ship in port | | | | chemicals, such as ozone-depleting substance |
| state control report to IMO. With this, green ship | | | | (ODSs), toxic antifoulant hull coatings, and other |
| will nonetheless give the following beneficial | | | | hazardous materials, may be the best approach |
| business advantages to clean ships: | | | | for some potential problems. |
| | | | | Fig.2-Treatment and emission |
| - They will be significant ship of tomorrow; they | | | | Reducing the amount of waste we generate on |
| will be the ship with good pride and public image | | | | board is often better that treating it on board: for |
| that will provide leadership definition to shipping | | | | example, reducing the amount of plastics and |
| companies of tomorrow. | | | | other packaging materials taken aboard may |
| - They will be safer, environmental friendly, | | | | simplify solid and plastics-waste management? |
| everything around them including marine | | | | Similarly, reducing the volume of liquid wastes |
| recourses will be safe | | | | generated (such as graywater) may simplify |
| - They will maintain good relationship with | | | | onboard liquid-waste treatment. |
| legislation and environmental agencies hence | | | | 1. For the wastes and hazardous |
| minimizes the risk of fines and litigation. | | | | materials that cannot be prevented, we must |
| - Helps control operational pollution, minimizing the | | | | develop pollution-control strategies and |
| risk of an environmental incident. | | | | technologies. |
| - Enables companies to demonstrate a proactive | | | | Other technical mitigation measures are: |
| approach to environmental protection. | | | | |
| - Helps companies to gain recognition of | | | | Antifouling |
| investment in pollution control technology. | | | | - Toxic approach uses other metals such copper |
| - Improves operational efficiency will Provides | | | | and zinc, or agrochemicals e.g. triazines |
| confidence that environmental risk is being | | | | - Fouling release approach use physical properties |
| managed effectively. High levels of environmental | | | | of low surface energy coating cause the very |
| performance can create competitive advantage | | | | weak attachment of fouling organisms. E.g. silicone |
| Today, environmentally conscious world there is | | | | based coating |
| already so mush pressure on ship-owners to | | | | - Fouling deterrence –marine organism not |
| minimize the impact of their operations on the | | | | know for fouling like corals are use |
| environment. And again more are coming, luckily | | | | - Mobile hull cleaning is also being use operationally |
| we are in an age of Innovation and development | | | | |
| in this information and technological age has | | | | Ballast water discharge |
| involved activities in relation to speed, safety, | | | | - On board treatment – chemical (chlorination), |
| reliability, miniaturization, cost, mobility and | | | | physical treatment (Ultra violet light, heat |
| networking in most industries this is the poweress | | | | treatment), filtration and cyclonic separation, shore |
| of human civilization, we have the technology it is | | | | base treatment is sometime being used but not |
| matte of exercising more creativity witting our | | | | common. |
| limited time to manipulate our system to in order | | | | - Operational mitigation based on information of |
| o come up with sustainable system. | | | | biological difference between coastal ocean water |
| 4.0 Why environmental issue become a hot issue | | | | where ballast and ballasting is done accordingly. |
| | | | | |
| Over the last decade, each passing years has | | | | Air emission |
| been augmented concerned about issue of | | | | - Sulfur reduction in bunker fuel |
| environment importance in design, construction, | | | | - Nitrogen reduction to choice of propulsion |
| operation and beneficial disposal of marine articraft | | | | system |
| .the overriding force is increasing the resources of | | | | - On board Cataleptics system like charlatanic |
| the planet that we live and that only a few are | | | | converter, water injection, emulsion |
| renewable. This accumulated to production that | | | | - Operationally sped reduction and use of shore |
| has elements of long-term sustainability of the | | | | power connection has been implemented |
| earth. Precipitated effect over the year has call | | | | |
| for public awareness and translated into impact | | | | |
| through these two main manners: | | | | 8.2 Ship collision control and prevention outlines- |
| | | | | Most accident are attributed to a flagrant |
| Commercial forces: where company that or | | | | controllability problem and the remain the classic |
| product that operate in unenvironmental friendly | | | | impetus necessary to make improvements to |
| way, people are prone to spurn the companies | | | | safety and environmental protection, and we e |
| products and service, there fore having impact on | | | | need to do more to ensure adequate vessel |
| company return on investment. | | | | maneuverability perhaps better matching of |
| | | | | vessel, channel, and operational practices. |
| Regulations: public pressure on governmental and | | | | Ship maneuverability as major iterative element |
| non-governmental organization regulation due to | | | | of design spiral-ship maneuverability is not |
| untold stories of disaster and impact, the public is | | | | considered particularly important during the design |
| very concerned and in need of fact that if the | | | | process, because Owners generally do not include |
| quality of life of people enjoy is to be sustained, | | | | maneuverability requirements as part of the |
| for them and the future generation then the | | | | design specification; Firm deep- and shallow |
| environment must be protected. conspicuous | | | | restricted-water maneuvering standards that can |
| issue, expertise and finding of regulations make | | | | be applied during the design process should be |
| them to go extra length on unseen issue, | | | | established. |
| contrasting between the two, while commercial | | | | Modeling and simulation -Collection of data using |
| force act on hat will be forth problems. | | | | dual frequency DGPS receivers and proper |
| | | | | analysis needs to be supported to enable unlocking |
| Ship Concept design is very important in shipping | | | | our understanding of restricted water operations. |
| and it account for 80 percent of failure, therefore | | | | |
| compliance and making of optimal design has a | | | | |
| great impact in ship whole life cycle. The impact | | | | 9.0 Environmental technology |
| of environment in ship design is very difficult | | | | |
| because of large numbers of uncertainties. | | | | 9.1 Recent development coalition control work |
| Environmental impact hat need to be taken into | | | | -Environmental technology also become hot as |
| considerations in concept design can be classified | | | | issue of environment start burning, this might be a |
| into the following: | | | | start of another evolution, as environmental |
| | | | | technology product will start selling good. |
| Construction -Energy and pollution – these | | | | |
| come into picture when multidirectional thinking | | | | 9.1 Recent environmental performance |
| give wisdom on what happen during | | | | |
| transportation, mining, rolling of material that will | | | | 1. 1 Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton |
| be used. | | | | Air-Conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The |
| | | | | CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully |
| Operations: considering limiting life cycle of ships at | | | | converted to the ozone-friendly refrigerant |
| estimate of 20 years, issues relating to the | | | | HFC-236fa conversion kit has been established by |
| following are equally not easy to quantify in design | | | | NSWCCD. |
| work, even thus a lot of research effort has | | | | |
| been set on move on this, but the call of the day | | | | 1. Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper |
| require allowable clearance and solution to be | | | | (especially the large pulper) is the machine into |
| given to the following: Known emission, Accidental, | | | | which you dump tremendous quantities of paper, |
| Ballast waste, Coating. | | | | cardboard, or food waste. The waste mixes with |
| | | | | seawater to form slurry, which is then discharged |
| Disposal: issue of disposal that cover waste and | | | | overboard. Studies show an immediate |
| emission and as well as what to do with the ship | | | | 100,000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the |
| at the end of her life cycle. | | | | wake of a ship. Ships equipped with a pulper can |
| 5.0 Major impact areas | | | | dispose of their paper, cardboard, and food waste |
| Environmental protection shall be considered a | | | | just about anywhere and at anytime—at sea |
| design constraint when evaluating cost, schedule, | | | | including MARPOL areas. |
| and performance of systems under development | | | | |
| and for product improvement of those that have | | | | 1. Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers: |
| been deployed. The cognizant engineer shall | | | | Many bilge cleaners the Navy uses today contain |
| consider the environmental impact of proposed | | | | long-lasting emulsifying agents, which produce |
| actions, and a mitigation plan developed where | | | | stable oil-in-water emulsions that shipboard OWSs |
| required to supports unrestricted operations by | | | | cannot effectively process. |
| developing, producing, installing, and managing all | | | | |
| shipboard equipment, systems, and procedures to | | | | 1. Shipboard Wastes and Emissions |
| reduce and manage shipboard wastes in | | | | To improve the reliability of sanitary waste |
| compliance with existing and anticipated | | | | system sewage transfer-pump suction and |
| environmental restrictions worldwide without | | | | discharge gauges, naval research laboratory the |
| jeopardizing ship mission, survivability, or | | | | ring-gauge isolator is adopting, Thermal |
| habitability. | | | | Destruction and integrated liquid discharge system, |
| 5.1 Sequel to the above we can deduce that | | | | the later is a concept where ultra filtration |
| these major effects from ships environmental | | | | membrane systems would concentrate |
| impacts are: | | | | bilgewater, graywater, and sewage (as previously |
| · Intentional and unintentional | | | | described); the clean effluents would be |
| discharge (oil, garbage, antifouling paint, air | | | | discharged; and the concentrates would be |
| emission, on indigenous species from ballast water | | | | evaporated/incinerated in a thermal-destruction |
| · Environmental damage and | | | | system. |
| pollution due to port activities | | | | |
| · Disturbance of marine | | | | |
| environmental (collision and noise) | | | | |
| - Emission from scraping of ships at the end of | | | | |
| their life cycle | | | | |
| | | | | |
| Risk associated with environmental issue n ship | | | | |
| and in ship designing is: | | | | |
| | | | | |
| 1. Accidental risk – marine accident | | | | Fig. 2 – integrated liquid discharge system |
| that could result to oil spills which then, end up | | | | concept- source - NRL |
| degrading our environment GESAMP reported that | | | | |
| 400-300 thousands of oil entered the world ocean | | | | |
| (GEASMP, 1993), collision with marine mammal, | | | | |
| which then cause propeller injuries | | | | 9.2 Recent development coalition control work - A |
| 2. Operational risks-socio economic | | | | number of promising developments that exist |
| impacts to marine ecology, habitat, and coastal | | | | today are: |
| infrastructures are affected though operational | | | | 1. Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling |
| activities that result to oil spill, emission, ballast | | | | approach that permitted analysis of passing |
| water, garbage, contamination, antifouling and | | | | situations that would help set procedural standards |
| dredging activities. | | | | for safe passing. |
| | | | | 2. IanDand reported on the |
| In addition to this according to RINA Publication, | | | | development of models for ships squat that have |
| the table shows typical 100 years ITH standards | | | | shown very good accuracy over the years. |
| measurements of global warming potential for a | | | | 3. Larry Daggett described the advent |
| substance are shown in table1 | | | | of dual frequency DGPS receivers and their role in |
| | | | | gathering full-scale ship trial data. In addition to the |
| | | | excellent horizontal accuracy of the normal DGPS |
| Fig. 1 - Global worming potential (GWP) of various | | | | receiver, these receivers provide vertical location |
| compound- source | | | | with an accuracy measured in centimeters. |
| | | | | 10.0 The future |
| 5.2 Impact -vessel, channel and | | | | There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, |
| maneuverability- in the context of ship design the | | | | more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain of |
| impacts areas are: Shipping Trends, Channel | | | | success than to take a lead in the introduction of |
| Design Criteria, Ship Maneuverability, Ship | | | | a new order of things because the innovation has |
| Controllability, and Use of Simulators in Channel | | | | for enemies all those have done well under the old |
| Studies. Since world II many nations built port but | | | | conditions and lukewarm defenders in those who |
| forget about maintaining them while shipyard | | | | may do well under new. |
| continues to build larger ships. Physical dimension | | | | Machiavelli, the prince |
| and ratio of ships to channel has got impact in | | | | Recent Safety and Environmental Strategic focus |
| today’s ship controllability design are: | | | | on developing metrics to measure and evaluate |
| 1. Ships’ increase ship beam expansion where | | | | progress. The key issues and actions are |
| as channel width is not, Length/beam (L/B) ratio | | | | incorporated in the clean ship concept. Ships |
| 2. Radius of turns and turning | | | | owner and operators must understand the need |
| areas-Radius of turns is directly related to | | | | to include wastes stream management in mission |
| navigation safety and protection of the marine | | | | requirement in the design stages, with the goal of |
| environment, large rudder angles are needed to | | | | ships being in compliance. Ship designer must |
| navigate small radius turns Rudder size; | | | | pursue technologies to reduce or eliminate waste |
| 3. Power/tonnage ratio; | | | | streams. The metrics use to monitor progress |
| 4. Minimum bare steerage speed; and | | | | towards achieving environmentally sound ships will |
| Windage | | | | focus on shipboard pollution control equipment |
| 6. International maritime organization | | | | installations, specifically the planned versus actual |
| | | | | installations. Each waste stream or environmental |
| 6.1 Policies and procedures build-up –Pollution/ | | | | pollutant, equipment installations, the percentage |
| Emission prevention and control | | | | of total installations completed versus the planned |
| International convention for the prevention of | | | | percentage, will be used as a measure of |
| pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, It covers | | | | progress for that waste stream. For waste |
| accidental and operational oil pollution as well as | | | | streams and contaminants for which no |
| pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, | | | | equipment has been approved or anticipated, the |
| sewage, garbage and air pollution I was modified | | | | metric will born many R&D for necessary findings |
| by the protocol on of 1978 relating thereto | | | | . We must take a lead in effectively integrating |
| (MARPOL 73/78), MARPOL cover:o | | | | pollution prevention and safety into the design and |
| Annex I- oilo Annex II-noxious liquid | | | | life cycle of our ships, systems, ordnance into the |
| chemicalso Annex III- Harmful Goods | | | | execution of our processes, and into the |
| (package)o Annex | | | | operation. Managing the whole process is another |
| III-sewageo Annex IV- emission and | | | | thing; environmental management can be |
| air pollution (Sox, Nox and green house gas, | | | | optimizing by incorporating the following concept in |
| emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG)) | | | | our system: |
| New coming annex to MARPOL –Talk is going | | | | |
| on passing new annex that will cover: | | | | 1. Goal based , risk based and holistic design |
| · Control and management of | | | | approach |
| ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful | | | | 2. Total cost minimization concept, |
| foreign species | | | | 3. Innovative safety and environmental strategy |
| · Global prohibition of TBT in | | | | management and integration, |
| antifouling coating 0- phase out scheduled for | | | | Planning for uncertainty and risk, R(P1c) = R(E1) x |
| 2008 | | | | W(E1,P1) + R(E2) x W(E2,P1) + R(E4) x W(E4,P1) |
| Marine environmental protection committee | | | | Where: R= rating, E= environmental factor, P= |
| (MEPC) – IMO technical committee forming | | | | Policy factor |
| subcommittee on specific issue to implement | | | | 1. Probabilistic and stochastic validation |
| regulation towards necessary mitigation | | | | 2. Education and training |
| International convention on oil pollution, Response | | | | |
| and cooperation (OPRC)- 1990 – policy to | | | | 11.0 Conclusion - Working better by working |
| combating major incidents or threats of marine | | | | together |
| pollution through port state control to prevent | | | | Amazingly, it seem that everything is need to be |
| mitigates or eliminates danger to its coastline from | | | | integrated in order for the world to function, this |
| a maritime casualty. Annex protocol under this | | | | sounds ironical, even thus the environment has |
| convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution | | | | naturally integrated everything, the same apply to |
| by hazardous and noxious substances. | | | | maritime on issue of safety and marine |
| Classification societies- Classification society are | | | | environmental impact control and protection, it is |
| aggressively building service on Environment | | | | important to for the main players in design |
| Protection notation, and various performance | | | | (pilots, regulators, channel designers, simulator |
| indicator to get all concern committed to running | | | | experts and ship operators),and all concerned to |
| an environmentally sound ships. | | | | share experience Regarding differences in rules |
| Lloyds- Lloyds through risk assessment holistic | | | | and among regulators, about rules that are |
| method has defined the following effects as clean | | | | taken too light , sensitivity of area, degrees of |
| ship the benchmark standard. As Lloyd put it | | | | hazard for various ship types ,Naval architects |
| “These will help you gain recognition for your | | | | and ship handlers alike should take the importance |
| additional investment in specific aspects of | | | | of importance green house and green ship issue |
| pollution control. Using the Rules as a framework | | | | and (and difficulty) of the passing maneuver |
| our surveyors and environmental specialists can | | | | unrestricted waters . |
| work with you to tailor environmental protection | | | | |
| solutions to your specific needs” | | | | Environmental issue has become so sensitive |
| | | | | because it is more or less of evidence that nature |
| Dnv -DnV has equally lunched EMBLA database | | | | has exercise enough patience, impact has reach |
| integrated project hat will manage discharge of | | | | flash point and those who are knowledgeable |
| ballast water. | | | | about the behavior of matter and environment |
| | | | | could sense potential of contagious chain of |
| European Union - Recently the union has | | | | reaction that can lead to heavy calamity |
| embarked on multinational project call MARTOB | | | | destruction and lost. Treating the issue equally |
| ballast water | | | | required hybridizations of all the methodology we |
| | | | | have been using- objectives and subjective, |
| Montreal Protocol -Some 110 governments | | | | reactive and proactive, and of course newly |
| attended the (9th Meeting of the Parties) of the | | | | holistic institutionalized method that compare and |
| Parties to the Montreal Protocol, September 1997 | | | | consider trend analysis of every elements of |
| where several important decisions were reached, | | | | what we are dealing with. |
| including the tightening of restrictions on several | | | | |
| destructive chemicals. | | | | |
| | | | | References |
| 6.2 Policies and procedures build-up - collision | | | | 1) Bian Hayman, Mario Dogkgliani,,Ivar, |
| preventions and control -Although ships may | | | | Kevale,Anik Margerholm Fet ,2000.Technologies |
| spend 90 – 98 percent of their operational | | | | for reduced environemenatal impact of ships- |
| lives underway at sea speed in deep water, it is | | | | shipbuilding , maintenace and dismantling,Proc. |
| during the mandatory beginning and end of every | | | | ENSUS`2000,UK,pp2-24 |
| voyage when the risk of collisions, and groundings | | | | 2) Watson, David G. M. Practical Ship |
| are highest. Ensuring the ability to maintain | | | | Design. NewYork: Elsevier, 1998. |
| complete and positive control of a ship’s | | | | 3) Landsburg, A.C., J.C. Card, C.L. Crane, |
| movement during these segments of a voyage is | | | | P.R. A lman,W.R. Bertsche, J.W. Boyleston, H. Eda, |
| absolutely vital if that risk of navigation safety | | | | V.F.McCallum, I.R. Miller, and A. Taplin, "Design and |
| and protection of the marine environment is to be | | | | Verification for Adequate Ship |
| reduced. According to INTERTANKO’s 1996 | | | | Maneuverability,” NAME Transactions, Vol. 91, |
| Port and putting bigger and bigger ships (and more | | | | 1983. |
| of them) into the same old channel: | | | | 4) GESAMP (1993) Impact of oil and |
| · The design limit for trim by the | | | | related chemicals and wastes on marine |
| stern for a tanker is 0.015L in accordance with | | | | environment, GEAMP reports and studies No50 |
| Regulation 13 of MARPOL 73/78, Annex I. This | | | | joint group of expert of marine pollution. |
| information, which is based on tests conducted in | | | | |